湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙不同海拔果实品质变化及枯水防控技术研究

以湖北三峡库区秭归地区不同海拔伦晚脐橙（Citrus sinensis Osbeck ‘Lane late’ Navel）果实为试验材料，探讨了湖北三峡库区晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控栽培技术，进行了晚熟脐橙种植区域布局研究，结果表明，在湖北三峡库区，江南晚熟脐橙适宜区域化种植在海拔360 m以下，江北在海拔350 m以下。在适宜范围外，随海拔升高，晚熟脐橙果实品质下降，可食率、果汁率降低，酸下降快，化渣性变差，果实枯水加重。其次，探讨了晚熟脐橙果实枯水防控生产技术，冬季套袋试验效果好，果实枯水比率控制在5%以下，显著低于对照果实（枯水率50%），可有效减轻和防止晚熟脐橙果实枯水，而且套袋果实外观好，品质优。覆膜技术效果其次，果实枯水比率可以控制在20%以下，而且该技术简便、劳动量小且成本较低，可以在生产中应用。     

Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress

This study evaluated the ability of orange peel fragment (OPF) to act as a functional feedstuff, influencing growth, haematological profile, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Nile tilapia subjected heat/dissolved oxygen‐induced stress (HDOIS). A group of 440 male Nile tilapia (31.7 g ± 0.34) was randomly distributed in 40 250‐L aquaria (11 fish/tank) and fed five practical diets with graded levels of OPF at 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8% for 70 days. The diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein and 18 MJ/kg crude energy. After the feeding period, growth performance was evaluated and six fish per treatment were sampled for haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity, before and after HDOIS. Then, fish were subjected to HDOIS (32°C/2.3 mg/L dissolved oxygen) for three days and the same haematological profile and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined. There was no effect of OPF on the haematological profile, either before or after HDOIS. The polynomial regression model was used to express the relationship between antioxidant enzymes activity and OPF supplementation level. The maximum activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase was reached at 0.66%, 0.63%, and 0.68% of OPF respectively. Results of the present study suggest that a dietary supplementation level of 0.63%–0.68% of orange peel fragment was appropriate to maintain Nile tilapia haematological profile and improve its antioxidant capacity under HDOIS.     

皂化改性菠萝皮生物吸附剂对TVOC的吸附?

对农林废弃物菠萝皮进行化学改性处理,以去除大气中的TVOC有害气体,减轻大气污染的同时实现废弃物的多次循坏再利用,为吸附剂的研究与空气净化提供借鉴。利用二次正交旋转回归以及单因素实验对皂化改性菠萝皮吸附剂的制备工艺以及吸附条件优化；对渣粒径、温度和加入量进行单因素分析；利用吸附等温、动力模型拟合试验探究机理；通过BET、SEM及FTIR对样品进行表征；采用横向对比试验与其他材料对比吸附效果并探讨吸附剂的重复利用能力。结果表明：无水乙醇与氢氧化钠体积比为1:2.8,浸泡时间为6 h,离心时间为13 min,预测值Ymax=8.2759%；渣粒径60目、温度22℃、加入量3g为最佳单因素条件；吸附过程更符合Freundlich等温模型(R2=0.9926),吸附状态为多分子层多位点吸附；遵循二级动力学模型(R2=0.9757),即以化学吸附为主的物理化学双重吸附过程；比表面积显著增大、孔隙率升高,表面褶皱增多,且酰胺N-H基团、-OH等有效基团参与吸附；横向对比试验证明吸附效果在1%水平上显著优于其他四种吸附材料,即改性菠萝皮>硅藻土>活性炭>竹炭>树脂,且至少可重复利用7次以上。     

怀山药皮对淇河鲫血清生化、免疫指标及组织结构的影响

为探究怀山药皮(Chinese yam peel,YP)对淇河鲫免疫的影响,选取平均体重为(106.76±3.74)g的淇河鲫240尾,随机分为对照组(NC)、0.5%怀山药皮添加组(LYP)、1%怀山药皮添加组(MYP)、2%怀山药皮添加组(HYP)4组,养殖8周,检测实验鱼生长指标、血清生化指标及免疫相关基因的表达情况。结果显示:添加怀山药皮对淇河鲫生长指标没有显著性影响;血液生化指标中谷草转氨酶活性在MYP组显著性降低,碱性磷酸酶的活性显著升高;与NC组相比,怀山药皮添加组肝脏细胞膜与核膜完整性增强,胞质破碎,核溶解、偏移现象减轻;与NC组相比,添加怀山药皮上调了抑炎因子(IL-10)、紧密连接蛋白基因(Claudin-1)、抗氧化基因(CAT和GST)和TLR通路基因(TLR4)mRNA表达量。以上结果表明,饲料中添加怀山药皮,能在一定程度上增强鱼体免疫力。     

‘红羽1号’油茶新品种营养成分动态及相关关系分析

为了解‘红羽1号’油茶新品种的营养成分动态及其相关关系，以‘红羽1号’油茶果实近熟期的叶片与果皮、种壳、种仁为材料，测定其还原糖含量、黄酮含量、总酚含量及果皮与叶片中原花青素含量。结果表明，‘红羽1号’油茶中各部位还原糖含量、黄酮含量、总酚含量、原花青素含量具有极显著性差异；在果实近熟期，果实相对成熟，叶片与果皮、种壳、种仁各营养成分动态变化规律明显，但变化幅度不大。叶片原花青素含量与总酚含量间存在显著的线性关系，叶片原花青素含量与黄酮含量和果皮原花青素与总酚含量之间存在显著曲线关系，种壳中总酚含量与黄酮含量极显著正相关。     

Effect of different levels of dietary sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) peel extract (SOPE) on humoral immune system responses in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1‐day broilers (Ross‐308) were randomly allocated to treatments varying in supplemental SOPE added in the drinking water. The experimental groups consisted of three treatments fed for 42 days as follows: a control treatment without feed extract, a treatment containing 1000 ppm of SOPE and a treatment containing 1250 ppm of SOPE. All treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Broilers were vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus (NDV), avian influenza (AI), infectious bursal disease (IBD) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Antibody titer response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was higher in the group fed 1250 ppm of SOPE (P < 0.05) as well as for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Similarly, antibody titer responses to all vaccines were constantly elevated (P < 0.05) by SOPE enrichment in a dose‐dependent manner. Relative weights of spleen and bursa of Fabricius were unaffected by treatments. Dietary SOPE supplementation may improve the immune response and diseases resistance, indicating that it can constitute a useful additive in broiler feeding. Thus, supplying SOPE in rations may help to improve relative immune response in broiler chickens.     

Pectic hydrolysates in the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen): Growth performance,blood and liver biochemistry,histological parameters and intestinal contents

The aim of this study was to investigate the prebiotic potential of pectin hydrolysates that were extracted from agroindustrial waste (apple pomace—AP and passion fruit peel—PFP) and were added to the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). A 49‐day biological assay was conducted, and five test diets were evaluated: one diet was a control diet and the other four diets included pectin hydrolysates (2.5 and 5 g/kg). At 49 experimental days, biometric data and biological material were collected to determine the performance, plasma and liver and histological parameters and to evaluate the intestinal contents. The results were analysed by the normality test, which was followed by an analysis of the variance; the treatment means were compared by an orthogonal contrast analysis at a 5% level of significance. The inclusion of 2.5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates resulted in a greater production of butyric acid, increased thickness of the muscular layer and higher goblet cell count in the intestine. The inclusion of 5 g/kg apple pomace hydrolysates led to a greater concentration of liver protein. Further studies are needed to increase the knowledge about the use of these additives in the diet of silver catfish and to establish levels that allow greater gains for the species.     

甜橙精油分子蒸馏组分的成分分析及其抗菌活性研究

应用分子蒸馏技术加工冷压甜橙精油,分离得到轻相与重相两个组分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)分析其化学成分,鉴定出甜橙精油轻相组分中含22种化合物,重相组分中含40种化合物。抑菌试验结果表明,甜橙精油轻相和重相组分对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌均具有较好的抑菌效果,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)范围为0.78~3.125μL/m L。抑菌活性受不同p H和温度条件的影响,酸性环境下轻相组分的抑菌效果较好,碱性环境下重相组分的抑菌活性更强。在高温处理下,轻相组分对细菌的抑菌效果具有较好的热稳定性,重相组分的抑菌效果有所减弱。     

几种药剂对脐橙储藏期病害的防治效果比较研究

用7组药剂分别对纽荷尔脐橙做浸果处理，处理至135天，结果显示：百可得 咪鲜胺处理组烂果率7.78%，病情指数4.81，防效75.5%；咪鲜胺处理组烂果率13.33%，病情指数8.52，防效56.6%；百可得 抑霉唑处理组烂果率14.44%，病情指数8.15，防效58.48%；清水处理组烂果率30%，病情指数19.63。百可得 咪鲜胺处理组储藏效果最好，其次是咪鲜胺处理组和百可得 抑霉唑处理组。在脐橙的储藏保鲜中推荐使用百可得与咪鲜胺或抑霉唑混配或咪鲜胺单剂。